![]() ![]() Sample groups were randomly selected during the research period the first infant arriving for vaccination was registered in the control group, whereas the second infant was registered in the experimental group, and so on. In the power analysis performed to determine the sample size, the calculated sample size was found to be 70 infants in order to achieve a 0.80 power in the test, at a significance level of 0.05 with a medium level of effect. Sample of the research includes 70 infants, 35 for experimental group, and 35 for control group. Sample of the research includes the infants who applied for second dose of Hepatitis B vaccine to FHC during the research period and who met following criteria. Population of the research includes all the infants who applied for second dose of Hepatitis B vaccine to FHC between March and June 2015. The infants, whose mothers accepted to take part in the research, were brought to FHC at the end of first month for the second dose of Hepatitis B vaccine, and they were flicked at injection area just before they were vaccinated. The research was carried out in vaccination room. Data of the research was collected during working hours between March and June 2015. According to records, this heath center had provided service for 11780 people and 352 infants during 2014. The research was conducted at a family health center (FHC) in the east of Turkey. The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of flick application on reducing pain and duration of crying in infants during vaccination. However, a response to the flick method had not been detected yet. It was proven that applying manual pressure to the injection area (having a similar effect to the flick method) reduced injection pain ( 15, 16, 18). In addition, methods such as distracting ( 10), cold application ( 11), massage ( 12, 13), vibration ( 11, 14) injection technique, and manual pressure application ( 15, 16) are used to reduce pain during invasive attempts.įlick application at the injection area could be used to control pain during childhood ( 17). Position change, kangaroo care and touch, massage, teat giving, sucrose giving, breastfeeding, playing music, reducing distractions, and personalized developmental care are among these methods ( 2, 8, 9). Non-pharmacological methods are alternatives for pain control, which implement small non-invasive attempts to reduce the pain. Pharmacological and non-Pharmacological methods are used to relieve pain in newborn ( 2, 8). Nowadays various methods are used to reduce procedural pain in the newborn. The purpose in pediatric pain management is to reduce physiological and behavioral causes, to reduce intensity and duration of pain to minimum, to lessen the risk, and to give maximum benefits ( 7). It is therefore important that the number of painful stimuli be kept to a minimum, and that these stimuli are rendered less painful during this period for each procedure ( 6). The studies have shown that uncontrolled pain experienced during early life has negative and long-term side effects, such as distress ( 4), and such experiences negatively affects the development of the central nervous system ( 5). They also include physiological changes such as apnea, bradycardia, tachycardia, skin color changes, hypertension, sweating palms, increased reased respiration rate and muscular tonicity, increased intracranial pressure and axygen intake, and behavioral changes, crying, ect ( 3). Its short-term effects include a delay in wound healing, a change in immunity system function, endocrine and biochemical changes, increased cortisol and catecholamine release, increased glucagon, growth hormone, aldosterone, rennin, and antidiuretic hormones, and decreased insulin secrection. Pain can cause short- and long-term effects in infants. ![]() Painful events such as vaccination is repeated and uncontrolled. Vaccination is one of the most common painful procedures in infants. ![]()
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